[2023-09-19 10:14] 瀏覽次數(shù)：2270
來源：學(xué)習(xí)啦方法網(wǎng)
高中英語語法學(xué)習(xí)常見的幾個(gè)誤區(qū)
(一)對(duì)名詞數(shù)的概念和規(guī)則掌握不好
英語中的名詞有單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)、可數(shù)、不可數(shù)等形式，其變化形勢(shì)復(fù)雜規(guī)則繁多，中學(xué)生常常對(duì)這些規(guī)則的運(yùn)用不能得心應(yīng)手，而漢語的名詞有沒有數(shù)的概念，一步強(qiáng)調(diào)可數(shù)與不可數(shù)。如：passer-by →(過路人)，woman teachers →(女教師)。有些名詞形式上雖然是單數(shù)，意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù)。如：police →(警察)，cattle→ (牛)。而另一些名詞形式上雖然是復(fù)數(shù)，意義上卻是單數(shù)。如：news →(消息)，works →(著作)等。
(二)冠詞的用法相互混淆
雖說英語中只有定冠詞和不定冠詞，但其用法并非三言兩語可以說清，即使掌握一些規(guī)律也有不少例外。中國學(xué)生對(duì)用與不用冠詞極其容易混淆。 Can you play the violin?(在于其名詞前，用定冠詞)
The young has turned writer.(在turn等連系動(dòng)詞后作表語的單數(shù)名詞前習(xí)慣上不加上冠詞)
(三)對(duì)英語動(dòng)詞的幾種形式相互混淆
英語動(dòng)詞是句子的關(guān)鍵。就英語動(dòng)詞分類而言，有及物動(dòng)詞、不及物動(dòng)詞、瞬間動(dòng)詞、延續(xù)動(dòng)詞、感官動(dòng)詞、連系動(dòng)詞等，每一類的動(dòng)詞都有各自的用法特征，中國學(xué)生常常把不及物動(dòng)詞當(dāng)做及物動(dòng)詞用，把瞬間動(dòng)詞當(dāng)做延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用。
(誤)He has come here for three years.
(正)He has been here for three years.(誤)I have bought the computer for a long time
(正)I have had the computer for a long time
就動(dòng)詞的形式而言，非限定動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)也令中國學(xué)生頭痛，因?yàn)橛行﹦?dòng)詞要求后面接動(dòng)名詞作賓語，有些動(dòng)詞要求后面接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語，還有的兩者都可以接。
Would you mind opening the window?
I remember seeing him somewhere before.
Please remember to shut the door.
又如，非謂語動(dòng)詞不僅僅跟句子中的主語有直接的邏輯關(guān)系，而且還跟非謂語動(dòng)詞做什么狀語有關(guān)。
(誤)Seeing from the top of the hill , the city looks much more beautiful.
(正)Seen from the top of the hill , the city looks much more beautiful.
“see” 的主語應(yīng)該是人，而不是“the city”，因此要用 “see” 的過去分詞形式，表示被動(dòng)。類似這樣的錯(cuò)誤在學(xué)生中是很常見的。
(四)易混淆動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)概念和形式
英語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)有16種，常用的也有9種。雖說他們的形式是固定的，但用法是靈活的。因此中國學(xué)生常常把某種時(shí)態(tài)的用法套在另一種時(shí)態(tài)的用法上。該用過去時(shí)態(tài)的地方卻用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)代替，該用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)的地方卻過去時(shí)態(tài)用代替。
(誤)I had met him in the street this morning.
(正)I met him in the street this morning.
(誤)I thought you finished your homework.
(正)I had thought you finished your homework.
(誤)When I got to the cinema ,the film already began.
(正)When I got to the cinema ,the film had already begun..
(五)對(duì)英語被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式和用法不能運(yùn)用自如
漢語中比英語被動(dòng)語態(tài)的使用頻率相對(duì)來說要少得多。中國學(xué)生不習(xí)慣用英語被動(dòng)句。漢語的被動(dòng)句往往就用一個(gè)字就可以決定其被動(dòng)意思，而英語的被動(dòng)形式不僅與動(dòng)詞本身的形式有關(guān)，而且還與時(shí)態(tài)、語氣以及主語與動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系有關(guān)。
(誤)Australia speaks English.
(正)English is spoken in Australia.
(誤)What is to do next?
(正)What is to be done next?
(誤)I remember taking to Beijing when I was a child.
(正)I remember being taken to Beijing when I was a child.
(六)虛擬語氣形式的復(fù)雜性和用法的靈活性令中國學(xué)生感到困惑
(誤)I wish I know the answer now.
(正)I wish I knew the answer now.
(誤)If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would meet the scientist.
(正)If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met the scientist.
(誤)I suggest he goes to see the doctor at once.
(正)I suggest he (should) go to see the doctor at once.
(七)不用或錯(cuò)用英語連接詞
漢語是綜合性語言，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“意合”，句語句之間可以不用連詞，把種.種關(guān)系隱含在上下文中：英語是分析性語言，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“行合”，句語句之間或者是主句和從句之間需要一種方式來表達(dá)它們之間的句法關(guān)系。
(誤)Although he is old, but he works hard.
(正)Although he is old, he works hard.
(誤)Because he was ill, so he didn’t go to school.
(正)Because he was ill, so he didn’t go to school.
(正)Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school.
(正)He was ill, so he didn’t go to school.
(八)忽視一致性問題
漢語的人稱代詞和主謂一致問題十分簡單，但英語中的人稱和主謂一致的問題卻比較復(fù)雜，令中國學(xué)生困惑不已。
(誤)Three years in a foreign country seem like a long time.
(正)Three years in a foreign country seems like a long time.
注：主語形式上雖為復(fù)數(shù)，但意義上視為單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該為單數(shù)形式。
(誤)The mother together with her daughter are on the way to school.
(正)The mother together with her daughter is on the way to school.
注：主語是“The mother”而不是“The mother together with her daughter”。因此謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該為單數(shù)形式。
(誤)The crowd was fighting for their lives.
(正)The crowd were fighting for their lives.
注：主語形式上雖為單數(shù)，但意義上視為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該為復(fù)數(shù)形式。
(九)英語從句形式多且表現(xiàn)形式復(fù)雜
英語的從句主要有：主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句、定語從句、狀語從句等，每種從句都要求用相應(yīng)的語法形式。因此牽涉到連詞、關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞的選擇時(shí)，中國學(xué)生就很容易混淆;在英語表達(dá)時(shí)，也往往忽視英語中的連詞。
1、 主語從句
(誤)If he’s coming or not doesn’t matter too much.
(正)Whether he’s coming or not doesn’t matter too much.
2、表語從句
(誤)This is that he want.
(正)This is what he want.
3、定語從句
(誤)Everything which he said greatly interested us.
(正)Everything that he said greatly interested us.
4、同位語從句
(誤)That fact which the earth travels around the sun is known to all.
(正)That fact that the earth travels around the sun is known to all.
5、狀語從句
(誤)However you say , I will not change my mind.
(正)Whatever you say , I will not change my mind.
高中英語語法之?dāng)?shù)詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)
01
基數(shù)詞
表示數(shù)目多少或順序先后的詞叫數(shù)詞。
1.基數(shù)詞的構(gòu)成：
1-10 one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten;
11-19 eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen,
seventeen, eighteen, nineteen;
20-90 twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety;
≥ 100
100 a/one hundred;
1,000 a/one thousand;
1,000,000 a/one million;
1, 000,000,000 a/one billion = a/one thousand million
2. 基數(shù)詞的用法
1)作主語：
Three will be enough for us.
三個(gè)對(duì)我們來說就足夠了。
Two of the girls are from Tokyo.
這些姑娘中有兩位來自東京。
2)作賓語：
Four people applied for this job, but we only need one.
四個(gè)人申請(qǐng)這工作，但我們僅需一人。
3)作表語：
The population of China is over 1.3 billion.
中國有十三億多人口。
I’m twenty while my brother is sixteen.
我二十歲，我弟弟十六歲。
4)作定語：
We have 300 workers in our company.
我們公司有三百名員工。
Forty students were involved in the interview. 四十名學(xué)生參加了這次采訪。
5)作同位語：
You two clean these seats.
你們兩個(gè)打掃這些位子。
Have you got tickets for us three?
有我們?nèi)齻€(gè)人的票嗎?
02
序數(shù)詞
表示順序或等級(jí)。
1. 序數(shù)詞的構(gòu)成：
1-10：first 1st; second 2nd; third 3rd; fourth 4th; fifth 5th; sixth 6th; seventh 7th;eighth 8th; ninth 9th; tenth 10th;
11-19：eleventh 11th; twelfth 12th; thirteenth 13th; fourteenth 14th ;fifteenth 15th; sixteenth 16th; seventeenth 17th; eighteenth 18th;nineteenth 19th;
20-90：twentieth 20th; thirtieth 30th; fortieth 40th; fiftieth 50th; sixtieth 60th;seventieth 70th; eightieth 80th; ninetieth 90th;
≥100：
100 hundredth;
1,000 thousandth;
1,000,000 millionth;
1,000,000,000 billionth
2、序數(shù)詞的用法
1)作主語：
The second is what I really need.
第二個(gè)是我真正需要的。
The first bottle has been full but the second is empty.
第一個(gè)瓶已滿，但第二個(gè)還空著。
2)作賓語：
I got a third in biology.
我生物得到了第三名。
Do you prefer the first or the second?
第一個(gè)和第二個(gè)你更喜歡哪一個(gè)呢?
3)作表語：
I will be the first to support you and the last to oppose you
我將是第一個(gè)支持你的人，也是最不會(huì)反對(duì)你的人。
Columbus was the first who discovered America.
哥倫布是第一個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲的人。
4)作定語：
I’ll try a second time and see if I can do it.
我還要試一次，看看我能否做得了。
Take the first turn to the right and then the second turn to the left and you’ll get there.
在第一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)彎處向右轉(zhuǎn)，然后在第二個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)彎處向左轉(zhuǎn)就到了。
5)作狀語：
He came second in the race.
他在賽跑中得了第二名。
It was a snowy day when we first met.
我們初次見面時(shí)是一個(gè)下雪的日子。
3、 序數(shù)詞前冠詞的使用
1) 明確指明了先后順序或一系列事物按一定的規(guī)律排列時(shí)，序數(shù)詞前用定冠詞。
This is the second time that I have been in London.
這是我第二次來倫敦。
Alva is the fifth child of the Whites.
阿爾瓦市懷特家的第五個(gè)孩子。
2) 表示“又一、再一”，不強(qiáng)調(diào)順序時(shí)，序數(shù)詞前用不定冠詞。
You have bought four toys today. Why do you want to buy a fifth one?
今天你已經(jīng)買了四個(gè)玩具了，為什么還想再買一個(gè)呢?
I failed again, but I will try a third time.
我又失敗了，可是我要再試一次。
3) 序數(shù)詞前有形容詞性物主代詞、名詞所有格或其他修飾語時(shí)不用任何冠詞。
My first five years of childhood was spent with my grandparents.
我五歲前是和祖父母一塊度過的。
Mrs. Black’s second child is a genius.
布萊克夫人的第二個(gè)孩子是個(gè)天才。
4) 序數(shù)詞與名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合形容詞時(shí)，冠詞由被修飾詞而定。此時(shí)序數(shù)詞是復(fù)合形容詞的一部分而不是獨(dú)立的，前面的冠詞完全由這個(gè)形容詞所修飾的名詞而定。
This MPV car is a second-hand one.
這輛商務(wù)車是二手的。
Habit is second nature.
習(xí)慣是第二天性。
5) 序數(shù)詞還可作副詞，此時(shí)不用任何冠詞。
First I am short of money; second I haven’t enough time.
首先我缺錢，其次我沒有足夠的時(shí)間。
6) 序數(shù)詞用在表示“每隔……”的every 后，其前不用冠詞。
every second day 每隔一天
every fifth day 每隔四天
every second line 每隔一行
7) 某些固定搭配中序數(shù)詞前不用冠詞。
first of all 首先
at first 起初
at first sight 乍一看，第一
03
數(shù)詞的用法
1. 分?jǐn)?shù)：表示分?jǐn)?shù)時(shí)，分子須用基數(shù)詞，分母須用序數(shù)詞。
(分子是1以上的任何數(shù)時(shí)，作分母的序數(shù)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。)
1) 真分?jǐn)?shù)通常用英語單詞表達(dá)。
one-fourth 四分之一
two-fifths 五分之二
a quarter 四分之一
2) 分子和分母的數(shù)目較大時(shí)，兩者都用基數(shù)詞，之間用over/by/out of/in 連接。
Seven over/out of/in twenty of the students have passed the flight test.
二十個(gè)學(xué)生中有七個(gè)通過了飛行測(cè)試。
3) 帶分?jǐn)?shù)：“整數(shù)+ and + 分?jǐn)?shù)部分”。
Two and a quarter inches of rain fell over the weekend.
周末期間的降雨量達(dá)二又四分之一英寸。
2. 小數(shù)：小數(shù)總是用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字表達(dá)。小數(shù)點(diǎn)后不論有多少位都不能用逗號(hào)分開，但小數(shù)點(diǎn)之前的數(shù)依然按照三位一個(gè)逗號(hào)的原則書寫。
0.786432 120,372.428
注意：小數(shù)點(diǎn)前的數(shù)按普通基數(shù)詞的讀法讀，小數(shù)點(diǎn)后的數(shù)每一位都要單獨(dú)讀。
15.503 讀作fifteen point five zero three
0.05 讀作zero point zero five
3. 百分?jǐn)?shù)：百分?jǐn)?shù)中的數(shù)目用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字，后接percent或百分號(hào)(%)，在專業(yè)統(tǒng)計(jì)或表格中常用%代替percent，在句首時(shí)則用英語單詞書寫。
I have invested 40 percent of my income.
我把40%的收入用作投資了。
Farmers’ income has increased by 30%.
農(nóng)民的收入已經(jīng)增加了30%。
4、 倍數(shù)：表示倍數(shù)時(shí)，一倍用once，兩倍 用twice/double，三倍以上用“基數(shù)詞+ times”。
1)“倍數(shù) + as many/much … as …”
My deskmate clamed to have twice as many stamps as I.
我同桌聲稱他的郵票是我的兩倍。
This computer costs three times as much as that one.
這臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)的價(jià)格是那臺(tái)的三倍。
2)“倍數(shù) + the size of …”
用法與size相同的名詞常見的有weight(重量)，height(高度)，depth(深度)，width(寬度)，age(年齡)，length(長度)等。
Our playground is five times the size of theirs.
我們的操場(chǎng)是他們的五倍大。
This street is twice/double the width of that one.
這條大街是那條大街的兩倍寬。
3)“倍數(shù) + what從句”
The value of the house is double what it was.
這所房子的價(jià)值是原來的兩倍。
People’s average income is almost five times what they earned ten years ago.人們的平均收入是十年前的五倍。
4)“倍數(shù) + 比較級(jí) + than”
The room is twice larger than ours.
這間房子比我們的房子大兩倍。
This ball seats three times more people than that one.
這個(gè)大廳能坐的人數(shù)是那個(gè)大廳的四倍。
5)“比較級(jí) + than … + by + 倍數(shù)/程度”
The line is longer than that one by twice.
這根線是那根線的兩倍長。
The population of China is larger than that of the US by over 6 times.
中國人口是美國人口的六倍多。
5、四則運(yùn)算：
1)加法：在口語中，小數(shù)目的加法常用and代表“+”，is 或 are 代表“=”。
在正式的場(chǎng)合或較大數(shù)目的加法用plus代表“+”，equals或is 代表“=”。
7+4=11 Seven and four is/are eleven.
13+12=25 Thirteen plus twelve equals/is twenty-five.
2) 減法：在口語中，小數(shù)目的減法用“Take away + 減數(shù) + from + 被減數(shù) + and you get + 余數(shù)”
“減數(shù) + from + 被減數(shù) + leaves/is + 余數(shù)”
在正式的場(chǎng)合或較大數(shù)目的減法用minus 代表“—”，equals 代表“=”。
12-5=7 Five from twelve leaves/is seven. /Take away five from twelve and you get seven.
21-7=14 Twenty-one minus seven equals fourteen.
3) 乘法：在口語中，小數(shù)目的乘法的乘數(shù)用復(fù)數(shù)形式，用are 代表“=”。
大數(shù)目的乘法用times代表“×”，is/makes 代表“=”。
在正式的場(chǎng)合下用multiplied by 代表“×”，equals 代表“=”。
4×5=20 Four fives are twenty
326×238=77588
Three hundred and twenty-six times two hundred and thirty-eight is/makes seventy-seven thousand five hundred and eighty-eight.
Three hundred and twenty-six multiplied by two hundred and thirty-eight equals seventy-seven thousand five hundred and eighty-eight.
4) 除法：小數(shù)目的除法：用divided by 代表“÷”，equals 代表“=”。
“被除數(shù) + divided by + 除數(shù) + equals + 商”;“除數(shù) + into + 被除數(shù) + goes + 商”
32÷4=8 Thirty-two divided by four equals eight.
Four into thirty-two goes eight.
大數(shù)目的除法：用divided by 代表“÷”，equals 代表“=”。
216÷8=27
Two hundred and sixteen divided by eight equals twenty-seven.
6、比率：一般來說表示比率都用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字(包括句首的情況)，但在非專業(yè)性的文字中，也可用英語單詞的形式。
The ratio of 7 to 4 is written 7:4 or 7/4.
七比四寫作7:4或7/4。
You have a fifty to fifty chance of success.
你成功的機(jī)會(huì)只有一半。
7、編號(hào)：用基數(shù)詞時(shí) 名詞 + 基數(shù)詞 World War Ⅰ/Page 8/Room 109…
用序數(shù)詞時(shí) the + 序數(shù)詞 + 名詞 the First World War
8、年代與幾十幾歲：通常是逢十的基數(shù)詞用作復(fù)數(shù)形式。表示年代的數(shù)詞前用定冠詞 in the 90s;表示歲數(shù)的數(shù)詞前用形容詞用物主代詞 in one’s twenties
9、約數(shù)：
1)表示“大約”可以用about/some/around/nearly/something like/more or less，用or so 表示“左右、大約”置于數(shù)詞之后。
The man in rags is about/some sixty years old.
The man in rags is sixty years old or so.
那個(gè)衣衫襤褸的男子大約有六十歲/六十歲左右。
Peter is something like thirty.
皮特大約有三十歲。
2)“多于、超過”用more/than/over/above;“少于、不超過”用less than。
She was more than/less than forty when she got married.
她結(jié)婚時(shí)有四十多歲/不到四十歲。
3)其他
半天(小時(shí))half a day=a half day; half an hour=a half hour
一個(gè)半 a day and a half=one and a half days
兩天半 two days and a half=two and a half days
一兩天……one or two days=a day or two
兩三天/周/個(gè)蘋果 a couple of days/weeks/apples…
三番五次 again and again; repeatedly; time and (time) again; over and over again; time after time
三年五載 from three to five years; in a few years
三三兩兩 in twos and threes; in knots